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Hopfgartner

Der Klang des Dao

Das Phänomen einer "stillen Musik" in der daoistischen Philosophie sowie ihre Korrespondenzen in der abendländischen Musikästhetik
Academia,  2008, 720 Pages

ISBN 978-3-89665-463-2


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The work is part of the series West-östliche Denkwege (Volume 14)
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englischThis work concerns the culture linked with Taoist philosophy and its parallels in the history of western music.

The starting-point is an attempt to find traces, in history or myth, of the place of music within Chinese society, considering Taoism as a philosophical and aesthetic philosophy, stripped of all popular religious and alchemical leanings. Important phenomena of the Eastern Asian world are presented and analysed, with reference to the life-world inspired by Taoist thought. (Chapter 1)
The hermitical lifestyle of a Taoist adept is characterised by a leisure culture embracing the arts and sciences. Chapter 2 focuses on the links between philosophy, music, calligraphy, painting, poetry, customs and table etiquette, TÆai-Ji-Quan (meditation in movement) and the Chinese game of Go (wei qi) as a conglomerate of this aesthetic detached from society.

From a European point of view, the Taoist practice of the arts cannot be understood under stylistic or conceptional aspects; it is a fortuitous, 'natural' product of spontaneous reflection of one's own inner, unconscious reality, which releases its own poetic reserves without arbitrary norms or rules.
Like the musician, poets, painters and calligraphers strive to achieve a pure reflection of pristine Nature. Thus stillness as essence is the same in all arts and activities - a spirituality which in specific manifestations expresses profound harmony.

Since being derives from the void, all forms, colours and sounds are contained in stillness, formlessness and colourlessness. (Chapter 2)
Chapter 3 concerns the main writings on Taoist musical aesthetics. Texts by Laozi, Liezi, Zhunagzi, Lü Buwei, Liu An, Sima Qian, Tao Yuanming, Lü Yen and Shen Kuo are arranged in chronological order, compared, and their content interpreted.
Chapter 4 summarises and subsumes the essential and central elements of this music philosophy and leisure culture.
Chapter 5, which deals extensively with the spiritual element in western musical culture, the wide variety of noetic conceptions of music inviting reflection on and a survey of similar aesthetic and philosophical phenomena:
In view of their contemporaneity (Laozi, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Plato..) a comparison of Taoist ideology with Hellenistic philosophy seems worthwhile.
Mediaeval speculation on a link between earthly music and the divine music of the spheres considers the concept of a musica mundana, or angelic choirs, inaudible to man; this leads to discussion of the music in Dante's Divina Commedia.
Representative of the Renaissance is Johannes Kepler who, in his work Harmonices Mundi, derives world harmony from laws of music and intervals, and assumes in accordance with these a corresponding psychological disposition in man.
Neo-Pythagorean notions of the audible music's being understood (purely) as a copy of numerical ideas, and thus of psychological qualities, have survived over the centuries. At the same time, the view is becoming increasingly widespread that the art of music is based on a linguistic structure which – in contrast to existing verbal language – is capable of expressing first the primal beauty of Nature, and later the ineffable and the infinite.
Contemplation as a new way of perceiving music emerged in the process of religious secularisation, and explains the increasing 'sacralisation' of the arts in the 19th century.
The emphasis on stillness, or reductionist trends in 20th-century music, can also be interpreted as a phenomenon of spiritualisation in the modern arts. The 20th-century noetic conception of music is marked by a psychologisation which includes both the polar development of a world no longer comprehensible by physical empiricism and musical atomisation and determinism (dodecaphony, serial music).
The discussion of linguistic connections of musical resonances also belongs in this context; an attempt is made to introduce into the words or syntax musical events and forms distinct from auditory perception (cf. examples from Georg Trakl, Paul Celan, Hans Arp, Josef Weinheber, Ingeborg Bachmann, Robert Schneider).
A study of the Korean composer Isang Yun forms the synthesis and conclusion of the intercultural discussion. Yun, who describes his music as coming directly 'from the spirit of Tao', studied music in both Eastern Asia and Europe, enjoying great success as the first Asian composer in Europe.
Chapter 6 (Astrology, Cosmology and Music) projects the preceding reflections on to the background of a musical, geometric, mathematical and astronomical/astrological level. Here the quadrivial sciences – the higher division of the seven liberal arts – are in a close esoteric relationship with the ''heavenly' fundamental principles.
The ensuing reflections investigate the question of a primeval force of the universe and the subatomic world, where representatives from modern physics (especially quantum mechanics and relativity theory) are able to construct a bridge to Far Eastern ideology.
The section on hearing as a spiritual experience of space and time leads into the final main chapter (Chapter 7), on musical education and contemplation, which presents and discusses practical implementation by Maria Montessori and sound-yoga experiences by Jochen Kirchhoff, Dorotée Kreusch-Jacob and Wolfgang Roscher.
Creative and artistic activities, the intuitive production of language, images, sounds and moments of stillness, the experience of jointly learned sequences of movements, how time freezes in meditative play, and perhaps also the conscious and sensitive use of a nature-oriented leisure culture as an example of an aesthetic experience of social communication, are presented as meditative existential and educational qualities in schools.
The appendix deals with some typical Chinese characters, images of Taoist inspiration, and western models of the spheres.

This work aims on the one hand at a comprehensive analysis of Taoist culture, with special reference to Taoist musical aesthetics. On the other, the interdisciplinary, intercultural, historical and descriptive discussion gives rise to the interesting thesis of a purely ideal form of music, which in the abstract and spiritualised form of a cosmic counterpart attempts to address an aspect perhaps less researched, though remarkable and important in any cultural dialogue.