Frontex’ Verantwortlichkeit für Push-Backs an den Außengrenzen der Europäischen Union

If push-backs take place in the context of joint operations of the European Border and Coast Guard, the member states responsible for the operation have usually been identified to date. This not only disregards the greatly expanded powers of Frontex, but also represents a considerable ineffectualisation of legal protection. From a fundamental examination of the dogmatic foundations of the concept of attribution in Union law and the extraterritorial applicability of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, conclusions are drawn for the legal allocation of responsibility in the case of cumulative causal violations of rights caused by a Union and national body.