Hardcore-Kartelle zwischen Public und Private Enforcement

The term hardcore cartel covers agreements between competitors on relevant competition parameters, such as prices, production volumes, sales territories or customer groups. Because they are particularly harmful to competition, the question arises as to how the ban on cartels can be effectively enforced. This is based on public enforcement, i.e. the imposition of fines, and private enforcement, i.e. the assertion of claims for damages by victims of cartels. Whether, in addition, the introduction of an individual penalty can achieve the goal of more effective antitrust enforcement is the subject of this study.